9. The German alphabet is more or less like the English one. The 7 Problem German Sounds and How to Pronounce Them (With Audio Pronunciation) The beautiful thing about the German language is that it’s perfectly logical and that the written language is a perfect 1:1 reflection of the spoken language. ſs without ligature, but as a single type, with reduced spacing between the two letters, the ligature of ſ and s inherited from the 16th-century Antiqua typefaces, a ligature of ſ and tailed z, adapting the blackletter ligature to Antiqua, 'ß' has also occasionally been used for transliterating, This page was last edited on 22 November 2020, at 00:37. The Sulzbacher form, however, did not find unanimous acceptance. [9][10], It was only with the First Orthographic Conference in Berlin in 1876 that printers and type foundries started to look for a common letter form to represent the Eszett in Roman type. If you are using Microsoft Windows, either hold down Alt and type 225 on your numeric keypad, or hold down Alt and type 0223. In the 20th century, it fell out of use completely in Swiss Standard German (used in Switzerland and Liechtenstein),[5] while it remains part of the orthography of Standard German elsewhere. Once you've mastered diphthongs and grouped consonants, the next item to concentrate on is how to pronounce other letters and letter combinations found within German words. When German texts began to be printed in Antiqua (see Antiqua–Fraktur dispute), the Antiqua ſs (i.e. This ligature was adopted into Antiqua typefaces. The German Consonant 's' . A German language support package for LaTeX exists in which ß is produced by "s (similar to umlauts, which are produced by "a, "o, and "u with this package). Their pronunciation must be learned separately, not least because umlaut sounds appear in a number of very common German words and as a marker of the plural. Because ß is treated as a ligature, rather than as a full letter of the German alphabet, it had no capital form in early modern typesetting. This was first proposed in 1879, but did not enter official or widespread usage. In other countries, the letter is not marked on the keyboard, but a combination of other keys can produce it. After the Neue Zürcher Zeitung became the last Swiss German newspaper to stop using 'ß' in 1974, the character now only appears in a few publications that are aimed at the German-speaking market as a whole rather than at the domestic Swiss market. Most modern typefaces follow either 2 or 4, with 3 retained in occasional usage, notably in street signs in Bonn and Berlin. In: Duden – Rechtschreibung. In 2017, the Council for German Orthography ultimately adopted capital ß, ẞ, into German orthography, ending a long orthographic debate.[4]. Military teleprinter operation within Germany still uses 'sz' for 'ß' (unlike German typewriters, German teleprinter machines never provided either umlauts or 'ß'). In Latin 2 types of "s" existed in writing. Two distinct blackletter typefaces in Mainz. Jahrgang. It became the default form, but many type designers preferred (and still prefer) other forms. Instead of "Missstand" and "Messergebnis" one wrote "Miſsſtand" and "Meſsergebnis". We have just got four more letters. After 2005, the character is written to represent the /s/ phoneme: Switzerland and Liechtenstein z [citation needed]. "Dampfschifffahrt") together). Blüml, Karl; Nerius, Dieter; Sitta, Horst (Eds. There have however been proposals to introduce capital forms of ß for use in allcaps writing (where ß would usually be represented as either 'SS' or 'SZ'). Because there is no modern character for it, this table uses ſs instead of the ligature. Bericht des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2011–2016, "Deutsche Rechtschreibung Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis: Aktualisierte Fassung des amtlichen Regelwerks entsprechend den Empfehlungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2016", "Map (external version) from Mac OS Roman character set to Unicode 2.1 and later", "Map (external version) from Mac OS Icelandic character set to Unicode 2.1 and later", "Map (external version) from Mac OS Croatian character set to Unicode 2.1 and later", "Map (external version) from Mac OS Central European character set to Unicode 2.1 and later", "Map (external version) from Mac OS Celtic character set to Unicode 2.1 and later", "Map (external version) from Mac OS Gaelic character set to Unicode 3.0 and later", "Map (external version) from Mac OS Romanian character set to Unicode 3.0 and later", "Map (external version) from Mac OS Greek character set to Unicode 2.1 and later", "Map (external version) from Mac OS Turkish character set to Unicode 2.1 and later", "cp500_IBMInternational to Unicode table", "cp1026_IBMLatin5Turkish to Unicode table", "Shift_JIS-2004 (JIS X 0213:2004 Appendix 1) vs Unicode mapping table", "EUC-JIS-2004 (JIS X 0213:2004 Appendix 3) vs Unicode mapping table", List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ß&oldid=989961601, Articles with German-language sources (de), Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016, Articles needing additional references from November 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Interstice between /s/ (after short, stressed vowel) and "s", Interstice between /s/ (after long vowel) and "s", It behaves as a ligature in that it has no separate position in the. in order to make the 'b' sound, both lips must be placed together. Heyse's argument: Given that "ss" may appear at the end of a word, before an interstice and "s" being a common initial letter for words, "sss" is likely to appear in a large number of cases (the amount of these cases is even higher than all the possible triple consonant cases (e.g. wissen to know. Search and learn to pronounce words and phrases in this language (German). For the Greek letter that looks similar, see, Usage in the reformed orthography of 1996. ß (as well as ä, ö and ü) taught as "letters of the alphabet" in Germany, which is taken to consist of 26 letters. [citation needed], The ſs ligature is in origin separate from the development of the ſʒ ligature. For instance, a "d" at the end of a German word usually has a hard "t" sound in German, not the soft "d" sound of English. In Germany the alphabet has 26 letters, 3 umlauts (Ä,Ö,Ü) and one ligature (ß). The German military still occasionally uses the capitalized 'SZ', even without any possible ambiguity, as SCHIESZGERÄT ("shooting materials"). This has resulted in many commonly used words in German having their spellings changed: This does not mean however that 'ß' has disappeared from the German language. (, Peter Gallmann (1997): "Warum die Schweizer weiterhin kein Eszett schreiben. Brekle (2001)[page needed] cites as the earliest appearance of the ligature the handwriting of Lodovico Vicentino, dated 1515. It is also consistent with the general rule of German spelling that a doubled consonant letter serves to mark the preceding vowel as short (the consonant sound is never actually doubled or lengthened in pronunciation). Lesson 1: Meet Jens — Your German language tour guide. To find out more about German Uncovered, click here. Pronunciation of the SS. Architectural drawings may also use 'SZ' in capitalizations because capital letters and both Maß and Masse are frequently used. For example, Fuß ('foot') has a long vowel, pronounced /fuːs/, and so was unaffected by the spelling reform; but Kuß ('kiss') has a short vowel, pronounced /kʊs/, and was reformed to Kuss. variants STRASSE vs. STRAẞE would be accepted as equally valid). When it comes before a vowel, the German consonant 's' is pronounced like English 'z' in words such as 'zinc' or 'zoo', although the German sound is not as strongly voiced. The use of ligatures similar to ß, representing not a letter but the digraph 'ſs', can be found in early modern printing in other languages (Italian and Latin); in English-language typesetting, the spelling 'ſs' occurs mostly as two unligated letters. It behaves like a letter in that its use is prescribed by orthographical rules and conveys phonological information (use of ß indicates that the preceding vowel is long). The correct spelling is not predictable out of context (in Standard German pronunciation), but is usually made clear by related forms, e.g., Größe ('size') and grasen ('to graze'), where the medial consonants are pronounced [s] and [z], respectively. The round s also indicates the interstice in compounds. The JavaScript in Google Chrome will convert "ß" to "SS" when converted to uppercase (e.g. In 1903 it was proclaimed as the new standard for the Eszett in Roman type. In 1879, a proposal for various letter forms was published in the Journal für Buchdruckerkunst. Stötzner deposited a corresponding proposal with the Unicode Consortium in 2004. In Windows, one can also use alt code 0223.
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